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Bioethics , Bisafety , Quality Control and Quality Assurance : MSC Micro 4th Sem

  Bioethics , Biosafety , Quality Control and Quality Assurance Q. How are human pathogens classified on the basis of the biological risk assessment criteria. Answer: Human pathogens are classified as follows: Risk Group 1 (RG1): Description: Pathogens that are not associated with disease in healthy adult humans. Examples: Non-pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus species. Biosafety Level: BSL-1 Containment: Basic laboratory practices, no special containment required. Risk Group 2 (RG2): Description: Pathogens that can cause human disease but are unlikely to be a serious hazard to laboratory workers, the community, livestock, or the environment. Disease Severity: Usually mild and moderate, rarely serious. Transmission: Limited risk of spreading. Treatment: Effective preventive measures and treatments are available. Examples: Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Hepatitis A virus. Biosafety Level: BSL-2 Containment: Moderate; includes limited access to the laborat...

Industrial Waste : SPPU PYQ : MSC Sem 4

Industrial Waste Water Treatment & Industrial Production Of Vaccine Q. Explain in detail activated sludge treatment and its analysis. Answer: Activated sludge treatment is a widely used biological process for treating wastewater.Microorganisms present in the activated sludge include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and rotifers. These microorganisms metabolize organic pollutants, converting them into biomass, carbon dioxide, and water. It takes place in following steps:  1) Wastewater is mixed with a culture of microorganisms (activated sludge) in aeration tanks. 2) The microorganisms break down organic matter present in the wastewater into carbon dioxide, water, and other byproducts. 3) Aeration tanks provide oxygen necessary for the microbial activity. 4) After treatment, the activated sludge is separated from the treated water, and excess sludge is either recycled or disposed of. Key Components: -Aeration tanks: Provide optimal conditions for microbial growth and activity. -Clarif...